| Development
& Positional Plagiocephaly
Siatkowski RM, Fortney AC, Nazir SA, Cannon SL, Panchal J, Francel
P, Feuer W, Ahmad W (2005)
Visual field defects in deformational posterior plagiocephaly. J
AAPOS. 9:274-8.
Gupta PC, Foster J, Crowe S, Papay FA, Luciano M,
Traboulsi EI. (2003)
Ophthalmologic findings in patients with nonsyndromic plagiocephaly.
J Craniofac Surg. 14:529-32.
Francel PC, Cannon SL, Fortney A, Siatkowski M,
Feuer WJ, Ahmad W, Panchal J, (2003)
Visual Field Testing in Deformational Plagiocephaly. [Abstract]
AANS.org on-line.
Balan P, Kushnerenko E, Sahlin P, Huotilainen M,
Naatanen R, Hukki J. (2002)
Auditory ERPs reveal brain dysfunction in infants with plagiocephaly.
Craniofac Surg. 13:520-5; discussion 526.
Panchal J, Amirsheybani H, Gurwitch R, Cook V, Francel P, Neas B, Levine N. (2001)
Neurodevelopment in children with single-suture craniosynostosis and plagiocephaly without synostosis. [abstract online] Plastic Reconstructive Surgery
108:1492-8; discussion 1499-500.
Miller, RT and Clarren
SK (2000) Long-Term
Developmental Outcomes in Patients With Deformational
Plagiocephaly. [article online] Pediatrics
105: e26
Kane AA, Lo LJ, Vannier
MW, and Marsh JL (1996) Mandibular
dysmorphology in unicoronal synostosis and plagiocephaly without
synostosis [abstract online]. American
Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 33:418-23
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Treatment Issues
(efficacy, growth, older infants...)
Graham JM, Gomez M, Halberg A, Earl DL, Kreutzman
JT, Cui J, Guo X (2005)
Management of deformational plagiocephaly: Repositioning versus
orthotic therapy.
The Journal of Pediatrics 146: 258-268.
Concludes that "orthotic
therapy was more effective than repositioning... and early orthosis
was significantly more effective than later orthosis..."
Littlefield, TR (in press)
Cranial remodeling devices:
treatment of deformation plagiocephaly and postsurgical applications.
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology.
American Academy of
Pediatrics, Prevention and Management of Positional Skull
Deformities in Infants, July 2003 (on the AAP website) [abstract]
[full
text] [pdf]
Note:
This most recent AAP report: 1) acknowledges the role of the 'Back
to Sleep' campaign in the recent increase in positional
plagiocephaly; 2) provides procedures for monitoring, prevention
& intervention; 3) cautions against placing infants for
extended periods in car seat and infant
carriers; and 4) acknowledges banding/helmet therapy as an
means of intervention.
Eppley, Barry L. (2001) Discussion
of Helmet Versus Nonhelmet Treatment in Nonsynostotic Positional Posterior Plagiocephaly. Vles
JSH, Colla C, Weber JW, Beuls E, Wilmink J, Kingma H. J Craniofac Surg 2000;25:572-574.
Journal of
Craniofacial Surgery; 12:97
Littlefield TR, Kelly KM, Pomatto JK, Manwaring
KH, Beals SP, Joganic EF (2000).
Cranial Growth
Unrestricted During DOC Treatment of Plagiocephaly. [pdf
file]
Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of the International
Society of Craniofacial Surgery; pp: 21-23.
Littlefield TR, Pomatto JK, Kelly KM (2000) Dynamic
Orthotic Cranioplasty: Treatment of the 'older' infant. Report of
four cases. [article online] Neurosurgical
Focus 9(3): Article 5.
Littlefield TR, Reiff JL, Rekate HL. (2001) Diagnosis
and Management of Deformational Plagiocephaly. [article online]
BNI Quarterly Winter.
Kelly,
KM, Littlefield, TR, Pomatto, JK, Ripley, CE, Beals, SP and
Joganic EF (1999) Importance
of early recognition and treatment of deformational plagiocephaly
with orthotic cranioplasty. [pdf file] Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 36: 127-30.
Kelly, KM, Littlefield, TR, Pomatto, JK,
Manwaring, KH, and Beals, SP (1999) Cranial
growth unrestricted during treatment of deformational
plagiocephaly. [pdf file] Pediatric
Neurosurgery, 30: 193-199.
Pomatto, JK,
Littlefield, TR, Manwaring, K, and Beals, SP (1997) Etiology
of positional plagiocephaly in triplets and treatment using a
dynamic orthotic cranioplasty device. Report of three cases.
[article online] Neurosurgical
Focus, February.
Pollack IF, Losken HW and Fasick P (1997) Diagnosis
and management of posterior plagiocephaly. [abstract online]
Pediatrics 99:180-5.
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Etiology (causes, risk
factors)
See Incidence of Positional
Plagiocephaly
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Torticollis and
Positional Plagiocephaly
Yu C, Wong F, Lo L, Chen Y (2004)
Craniofacial deformity in patients
with uncorrected congenital muscular torticollis: an assessment
from three-dimensional computed tomography imaging.
Plastic & Reconstructive
Surgery. 113:24-33.
Golden KA, Beals SP, Littlefield TR and Pomatto
JK (1999) Sternocleidomastoid imbalance versus congenital muscular torticollis: their relationship to positional
plagiocephaly. [abstract online] Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 36:
256-61.
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Incidence of
Positional Plagiocephaly
Littlefield TR, Saba, NM, Kelly KM. (2004)
On the Current Incidence of Deformational
Plagiocephaly: An estimation based on prospective registration at a
single center.
Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 11: 301-304
Littlefield, TR, Kelly, KM, Pomatto, JK and
Cherney, JC. (2003) Infant car seats, carriers, bouncy seats and swings: Their role in deformational
plagiocephaly. [pdf file] Journal
of Prosthetics and Orthototics. 15: 102-106.
Peitsch, WK, Keefer, CH, LaBrie, RA and Mulliken,
JB (2002)
Incidence of Cranial Asymmetry in Healthy Newborns [pdf file] Pediatrics,
110: e72.
Littlefield, TR, Kelly,
KM, Pomatto, JK, and Beals, SP (2002) Multiple-Birth Infants at Higher Risk for Development of Deformational Plagiocephaly: II. Is One Twin at Greater Risk?
[pdf file] Pediatrics,
109: 19-25.
Littlefield, TR, Kelly,
KM, Pomatto, JK, and Beals, SP (1999) Multiple-birth
infants at higher risk for development of deformational
plagiocephaly. [pdf file] Pediatrics,
103: 565-69.
Littlefield TR, Reiff JL and Rekate HL. (2001) Diagnosis
and Management of Deformational Plagiocephaly. [article online]
BNI Quarterly Winter.
Pomatto, JK,
Littlefield, TR, Manwaring, K, and Beals, SP (1997) Etiology
of positional plagiocephaly in triplets and treatment using a
dynamic orthotic cranioplasty device. Report of three cases.
[article online] Neurosurgical
Focus, February.
Kane AA, Mitchell LE, Craven KP and Marsh JL
(1996) Observations on a recent increase in plagiocephaly without
synostosis. [abstract online] Pediatrics, 97:877-85.
Argenta LC, David LR, Wilson JA and Bell WO (1996) An increase in infant cranial deformity with supine sleeping position.
[abstract online] Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 7:5-11.
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"Back to Sleep"
Graham JM Jr, Kreutzman J, Earl D, Halberg A,
Samayoa C, Guo X (2005)
Deformational brachycephaly in supine-sleeping infants.
Journal of Pediatrics, 146:258-262.
American Academy of
Pediatrics, Prevention and Management of Positional Skull
Deformities in Infants, July 2003 (on the AAP website) [abstract]
[full
text] [pdf]
Note:
This most recent AAP report: 1) acknowledges the role of the 'Back
to Sleep' campaign in the recent increase in positional
plagiocephaly; 2) provides procedures for monitoring, prevention
& intervention; 3) cautions against placing infants for
extended periods in car seat and infant
carriers; and 4) acknowledges banding/helmet therapy as an
means of intervention.
American Academy of Pediatrics: Task Force on
Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2000) Changing
Concepts of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Implications for Infant
Sleeping Environment and Sleep Position (RE9946). [article online]
Pediatrics 105: 650-656. Note:
Among other important points about SIDS and the "Back to
Sleep" campaign, the task force acknowledges that
plagiocephaly may be a complication of non-prone sleeping.
Najarian SP (1999) Infant cranial molding deformation and sleep position: implications for primary
care. [abstract online] J Pediatric Health Care 13:173-7
Turk AE, McCarthy JG, Thorne CH and Wisoff JH
(1996) The "back to sleep campaign" and deformational plagiocephaly: is there cause for concern?
[abstract online] Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 7:12-8. Note:
This is a relatively old publication that concludes that
deformation plagiocephaly should be corrected surgically. Since
its publication, numerous studies cited above have established the
efficacy of non-surgical correction of deformational
plagiocephaly.
Back to Topics
Consequences of
Untreated Positional Cranial Deformities
Yu C, Wong F, Lo L, Chen Y (2004)
Craniofacial deformity in patients
with uncorrected congenital muscular torticollis: an assessment from
three-dimensional computed tomography imaging.
Plastic & Reconstructive
Surgery. 113:24-33.
Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler J,
Redline S. (2001)
The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive
sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med. 163:947-950
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